PERFECT AND RELIABLE KNOWLEDGE: NATIONAL MOVEMENT OF INDIA PART1

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NATIONAL MOVEMENT OF INDIA ( PART 1 )

The first phase of the National Movement of India and the Indian National Movement (1885-1905 AD)

The National Movement in India was supposed to start from 1885 AD, when the 'Indian National Congress' was established. The main event of the first phase of the Indian National Movement was the establishment of the Indian National Congress in 1885 AD.

Establishment of Indian National Congress:

The father of the Indian National Congress was A.O. Hume. The founder of the Indian National Congress was A.O. Hume, a resident of Scotland. Alan Octavian Hume was an administrative officer, political reformer and amateur ornithologist in British India. Though he was the birther of the Congress, he never presided over it.

A.O. Hume served as General Secretary of the Congress from 1885 to 1907 AD.

Its first session was held on 28th December, 1885 at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit School in Bombay. The session was presided over by Vyomesh Chandra Banerjee.

The first Muslim President (1887 AD) to preside over the Indian National Congress was Baruddin Tayyabji.

The first English President of the Indian National Congress (1888 AD) was George Yule.

Phase II of the Indian National Movement (1905-1919 AD)

This phase of the national movement is considered to be the time of the rise of neo-nationalism or extremism. At the same time, swadeshi movement and revolutionary terrorism had taken place. Among the congress' militant leaders were Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Arvind Ghosh, Vipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, etc.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak is credited with the rise of militancy in India.

Tilak started the Shivaji Festival in 1884, the Ganpati Festival, in 1886. Swaraj, Swadeshi, the boycott slogan was first given by Tilak.

In the second phase of the national movement, the major centres of revolutionary terrorism were Bengal, Punjab and Maharashtra. At this stage, the revolutionaries declared the slogan 'Ayusha' as their role model, not the slogan 'Annuya Vinay' given by Tilak.

Division of Bengal

The decision to divide Bengal was announced by Lord Curzon on July 20, 1905 in order to destroy the national consciousness in Bengal.

A boycott motion was passed by the Congress on 7th August 1905 in protest against the bengal division with the announcement of " indigenous movement " at the town hall of Calcutta .

The decision to split Bengal came into effect on 16th August 1905.

On 16th August, 1905, the 'Day of Mourning' was organised by the Congress throughout Bengal.

The Swadeshi and 'exclusion' movement was spread across the country by aggressive leaders Balgangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai and Arvind Ghosh. Under the boycott movement, not only foreign textiles were boycotted, but there was a media boycott of schools, courts, degrees and government jobs.

Muslim League

The Muslim League was established at a meeting held in Dhaka on December 30, 1906 under the leadership of Salimullah.

In 1908, the Muslim League session in Amritsar demanded a separate election for Muslims. This demand was soon met by the Council of India Act in 1909.

Kamagatamaru Case

The Kamagatamaru event took place in 1914

This case led to a movement against the restrictions on some Indians on the entry of Indians to Canada in 1914.

The leaders of the movement set up a noisy committee. Leaders were Balwant Singh, Hussain Rahim and Sohan Lal Pathak, etc.

Surat Session of the Congress (1907 )

Along with the aggressiveness of the national movement, the differences between the liberal Congress leaders and the militant leaders were widening. As a result, the Congress was divided into liberal and militant groups at the Surat session of the Indian National Congress in 1907.

Lucknow Pact ( 1916 )

1915 A.D. Muhammad Ali Jinnah's personal effort led to simultaneous sessions of the Congress and the Muslim League in Bombay.

The Muslim League and the Congress-appointed committees worked together for a joint plan which was approved at the Lucknow session of the Congress in 1916 , which is called the Congress - League Plan ( Lucknow Pact).

For the first time, the Lucknow Pact formally accepted the demand for a separate election for Muslims, which over a period of time proved to be a terrible mistake of the Congress.

Homerule League Movement ( 1916 AD )

On April 28, 1916, the Maharashtra Homerul League was established by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, the centre of which was in Pune.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak's letter 'Kesari' also took the lead in propagating the movement.

The All India Homerule League was established in Madras by Anee Besent in September 1916.

Anee Besent promoted the Homerule movement through his daily letter ' New India ' and the weekly letter ' Commonwealth '.

Phase III of the Indian National Movement ( 1919 - 1947 )

The third phase of the Indian national movement is known as the Gandhi era.

Returning from South Africa in 1915, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Accepted Gopalakrishna Gokhale as own political guru.

At the time of Gandhiji's return to India, World War -I was going on. Gandhiji helped the British Government in its war efforts , as a result of which the British Government awarded him the Keshar- e -Hind award .

Gandhiji had set up the Sabarmati Ashram on the banks of the River Sabarmati near Ahmedabad in 1915 when he returned to India.

During 1917-18 in India, Gandhiji successfully led the Champaran Kisan Movement, the Kheda Kisan Movement and the Ahmedabad Labour Movement.

The Rolet Act (1919)

Based on the recommendations of the Sir Sydney Rowlet Committee set up in 1918 to crush revolutionary nationalist sentiments, a Bill was passed by the Central Legislative Council in February 1919, known as the 'Rowlet Act'.

Through this Act, the English Government could keep whom, however, in jail without trial.

This law was a direct axe on the general liberty of the people. That is why the Indian people criticised it as a "black law". Gandhiji criticised the Raulette Act and decided to hold Satyagraha and set up a Satyagraha Sabha.

On April 6, 1919, at Gandhiji's request, strikes were held across the country. The government banned Gandhiji's entry into Punjab and Delhi.

On April 9, 1919, Gandhiji entered Delhi and arrested him, causing public outrage.

Eventually the Government took Gandhiji to Bombay and released him, but the anger did not subside and the Jallianwala Bagh incident took place.

Jallianwala Bagh Murder ( 1919 )

Public meetings were being held in Punjab in protest against the Rarolet Act. In the meantime, the government has taken over the popular Punjab leader Dr. Saifheen Kichlu and Dr. Satyapal was arrested.

A public meeting was held at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar on 13 April 1919 to protest the arrest.

Amritsar Army Commander General Dyer surrounded the gathering and opened fire on the unarmed mob.

In the context of this murder, according to the official report, about 400 persons were killed and 2000 injured in the 10-minute firing. The assassination shook the sleeping soul of the nation and changed the direction of the national movement.

In protest against the killing, Rabindranath Tagore returned the knighthood. Viceroy executive member Shankar Nair also resigned.

Frightened by the growing public dissent against the assassination, the government set up an inquiry committee headed by Lord Hanter, known as the 'Hantar Commission'.

According to the report of the Hantar Commission, the act of General Dyer was upheld.

Khilafat Movement ( 1919 - 1921 )

The atrocities on Turkey by Britain and its allies during World War- I shocked a section of Muslims. As a result, the All India Khilafat Committee was formed in September 1919 and the Khilafat movement against the British was launched.

Gandhiji also coaxed the Indian National Congress to support the Khilafat movement as well as to launch a non-cooperation movement.

In November 1919, the Congress and the Muslim League together held an All India Khilafat Conference in Delhi, in which Gandhiji was unanimously elected as the President of the Conference.

Non-Cooperation Movement ( August 1, 1920 )

Gandhiji passed a resolution on the Non-Cooperation Movement at the Calcutta Congress session chaired by Lala Lajpat Rai.

The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched by Gandhiji on August 1, 1920. The educational institutions boycotted the non-cooperation movement in Bengal the most.movement.

During this movement, Gandhiji also returned his title as Keshar--e-Hind.

On arrival of Prince of Wales on 17th November, 1921, a public strike was organised all over India. Even the government's repression cycle did not stop the agitators. Finally , the government banned the Congress and the Khilafat Committee , ali bounds , Pt . Motilal Nehru, Chittaranjan Das, Lala Lajpatraya, Maulana Azad etc. were arrested.

In February 1922, Gandhiji wrote a letter to the Viceroy threatening that a massive civil disobedience movement would be started if the government's harassment policies were not withdrawn within a week.

On February 5, 1922, at a place called Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh, 22 police personnel were burnt alive inside the police station.

Gandhiji was greatly hurt by this incident. And they declared the non-cooperation movement to an end on 12 February 1922.

At the end of the agitation, the Government arrested Gandhiji on March 10, 1922 and was sentenced to six years in prison for inciting discontent.

Formation of Swaraj Party:

After the end of the non-cooperation movement on 1 March 1923, Motilal Nehru and C. R. Das established 'Swaraj Party' in Allahabad.

The Swaraj Party's objective was to participate in the elections within the Congress and raise the demand for the formation of an indigenous government in the Legislative Council and to get the Legislative Council in place for non-compliance with the demands.

The Swaraj Party was recognized at a special Congress session led by Maulana Azad in Delhi in September 1923.

Revolutionary Movement:

After Gandhiji abolished the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922, enthusiastic young men in the absence of political activities in the country turned to revolutionary activities again in despair. During this period the revolutionary movement developed into two streams . One in Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar and the other in Bengal. Among the revolutionary leaders in North India, Shachindranath Sanyal, Ram Prasad Bismill and Chandrasekhar were the most famous.

Hindustan Republican Association

In October 1924, Shachindranath Sanyal, Ram Prasad Bismill and Chandrasekhar established the Hindustan Republican Association ( H.R.A )

On August 9, 1925, the government treasure was looted by this organization in train at the place of Kakori in Lucknow-Saharanpur division of The Northern Railway. This event is known as 'Kakori- Scandal '.

The Government accused 29 revolutionaries of the Kakori Scandal . Among them, Ramprasad Bismil, Ashfaq Ulla Khan, Roshan Lal and Rajendra Lahiri were hanged.

The existence of the Organization ceased from this scandal..

Hindustan Socialist Republican Association

The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSR) was established in Delhi in September 1928 under the leadership of Chandrasekhar Azad.

The murder of Assistant Superintendent of Police Sanders (Lahore) who attacked Lala Lajpat Rai at the time of the Simon Commission's protest on October 30, 1928 by Bhagat Singh, Chandrasekhar Azad and Rajguru was a revolutionary activity of the Hindustan Socialist Republic Association.

Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar, two members of the Hindustan Socialist Republic Association, hurled bombs during a debate in the Central Legislature on 8th April, 1920 aimed at terrorizing the Government.

It was for the first time that Bhagat Singh had given the slogan 'Inklab Zindabad' when he hurled a bomb at the Legislature.

Inklab Zindabad was created by Muhammad Iqbal.

On March 23, 1931, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged by the British Government.

Subsequently, Chandrasekhar Azad, the only surviving member of the Hindustan Socialist Republic Association, was killed in an encounter with the police on February 27, 1931. Thus the activities of the Hindustan Socialist Republic Association in North India came to an end forever.

Indian Republic Army

In Bengal, Surya sen founded the Indian Republic Army ( IRA). This institution was active in Chatgav. Other prominent members of the organization were Anant Singh, Ambika Chakraborty, Pritilata Wadedar, Ganesh Ghosh and Kalpana Ghosh.

Suryasen was detained on charges of sedition on February 16, 1933 and was hanged on February 12, 1934.

The British Government repressed the revolutionaries, which led to the collapse of the revolutionary movement until 1932.